Engineering & scientific unit reference

Units, precisely.
Reference made readable.

A free unit converter and reference library — paste any value, find any specification, print any chart. Built for engineers, scientists, tradespeople, and students.

For when the answer is "it depends on the schedule, the standard, and three footnotes" — and you need the right number now.

190+ units across 22 categories 25 printable cheat sheets 13 engineering calculators sourced from named standards privacy-first

Universal converter

Category
Popular conversions

Or jump to a specific pair.

Each conversion has its own page — formula, examples, reference values, and a live converter. The pages below get the deepest treatment; over 100 more pairs are auto-generated for direct linking.

Over 100 conversion-pair pages in total. Don't see what you need? The universal converter above handles every pair.

Cheat sheets

Reference tables, designed to print.

Each cheat sheet is a hand-laid-out reference: clean tables, footnoted edge cases, citations to the named standard, one-click print, one-click PDF. Pin it to the wall, paste it in a wiki, share it with a colleague.

AWG wire gauge

Diameter, area, resistance per 1000 ft, ampacity at 60/75/90 °C insulation. Sourced from NEC.

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Drill bit chart

Fractional, decimal, letter, number, metric — with the closest cross-match column.

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Screw & tap drill

UNC, UNF, metric coarse, metric fine — with recommended tap drill and clearance hole.

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Bolt torque

Grade 2 / 5 / 8 imperial, 8.8 / 10.9 / 12.9 metric. Dry, lubricated, and anti-seize values.

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Pipe size chart

NPS, ISO/DN, PEX, copper Type K/L/M — with schedule, ID/OD, and applications.

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Resistor color codes

4-band, 5-band, 6-band with tolerance and temperature coefficient. Interactive decoder.

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SMD resistor codes

3-digit, 4-digit, and EIA-96 codes for surface-mount resistors. Full lookup table.

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Sheet metal gauge

Steel, aluminum, copper — they're all different. Thickness in inches and mm.

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ISO tolerance grades

h7, H7, k6, n6 and the rest — with actual dimensions for common nominal sizes.

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Decibel reference

Common sound levels with NIOSH exposure limits and hearing-damage thresholds.

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Socket & wrench sizes

SAE and metric sockets, sorted by size with closest cross-match column.

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Paper sizes

ISO 216 A & B series, US ANSI series, plus bleed and safe area for print design.

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Cooking conversions

Cups ↔ mL, oven F/C/gas mark, USDA safe cooking temperatures.

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Capacitor markings

3-digit codes, tolerance letters, ceramic temp coefficients, polarity markings.

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Thermocouple types

J, K, T, E, N, R, S, B — range, accuracy, color codes (US ANSI and IEC).

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Temperature reference

Absolute zero to surface of the sun. Cooking, body, weather, melting points.

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Pressure reference

Tire, blood, hydraulic, scuba, deep-sea — across psi, bar, kPa, mmHg.

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Force & weight reference

Real-world forces from grain of sand to Saturn V thrust, plus structural loads.

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HVAC duct sizing

CFM capacity vs round duct diameter, equivalent rectangular sizes, residential rules.

O-ring sizes (AS568)

Dash numbers, ID, cross-section across 0xx through 4xx series. Material guide.

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Bearing dimensions

6000/6200/6300 series ball bearings — bore, OD, width, and the number decoder.

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ASTM steel grades

A36, A572, A992, 4140, 304, 316 — yield, tensile, and typical applications.

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Plastic resin ID

Seven recycling codes plus engineering plastics: ABS, PC, nylon, PTFE, PEEK.

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Photography exposure

Aperture, shutter, ISO stops. Sunny 16, scene reference, exposure triangle.

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Shoe size conversion

US men's, women's, kids', UK, EU, cm. With the brand-variation caveats.

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Wood screw pilot holes

Pilot, clearance, countersink for #4-#14 wood screws and lag screws.

Calculators

For when conversion isn't enough.

Multi-input lookups that Google's answer box can't render and AI chat can't reliably compute. Each one is deterministic, sourced, and shows its work.

Wire gauge for amps + length

Pick the right AWG given amperage, run length, voltage, and allowable drop. NEC ampacity tables.

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Drill bit for screw size

Best pilot, tap, and clearance hole given screw size and material (wood, metal, plastic).

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Bolt torque calculator

Recommended torque given bolt grade, diameter, lubrication, and target preload.

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Heat loss / R-value

Room heat loss given wall area, R-values, indoor/outdoor temperature difference.

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Pipe pressure drop

Friction loss for a given flow, fluid, pipe size, and length. Darcy–Weisbach.

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Board feet calculator

Lumber volume with waste factor. Common nominal vs actual sizes built in.

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Concrete volume

Slab, footing, post hole, or round column. With waste factor and ready-mix yard rounding.

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Voltage divider

Two-resistor divider — solve for Vout, R1, or R2. With E12/E24/E96 closest-value suggestions.

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LED current-limiting resistor

Pick the right resistor given supply voltage, LED Vf, and target current. Power dissipation included.

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RPM ↔ surface speed

Convert between RPM and SFM for lathe and mill work. Material presets for HSS and carbide tooling.

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Solar panel tilt angle

Optimal tilt for fixed PV panels by latitude. Year-round, seasonal, and two-season strategies.

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HVAC duct sizing

Round and rectangular duct sizes for given CFM at standard friction rate. ASHRAE-based.

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Beam load span (educational)

Simply-supported wood or steel beam with UDL. Bending, shear, deflection checks.

Guides

The why behind the numbers.

Why pressure has so many units

psi, bar, Pa, mmHg, atm — when to use which, and why the same physical thing has a dozen names.

AWG vs metric wire sizing

Why "smaller number = bigger wire," how AWG relates to mm², and the gotchas when sourcing internationally.

Pipe sizing explained

Nominal vs actual diameter, schedule numbers, and why a "1-inch" pipe isn't one inch.

Force vs weight

The distinction that breaks first-year engineering homework — and the conversions that follow.

Why this exists

Built to last past the AI search era.

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Sourced and citable

Every value cites its standard — NEC, ASTM, ISO, IEC. Use it in a spec; it's auditable.

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Built to print

Every cheat sheet has a one-click print mode designed for paper, not just for screen.

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Runs in your browser

No data leaves your device. No sign-up. No tracking beyond aggregate page views.

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Mobile-first

Designed for looking things up on a phone in the field, not just from a desktop.